The Editorial Board At Northeast Ohio Media Group - 955 Words

No on ResponsibleOhio s flawed Issue 3 The editorial board at Northeast Ohio Media Group has an interesting take on Issue 3. â€Å"No on ResponsibleOhio s flawed Issue 3 seeking to legalize marijuana by creating constitutionally protected monopolies† is the name of the article in which they argue why Ohio should vote no on the issue. The article states â€Å"what will be on the November 3rd ballot is Issue 3 -- a measure that would enshrine within the Ohio Constitution a legal cartel for the cultivation of marijuana that could only be changed by a future vote of the people†. The thesis in the article is very much assumed that by making marijuana legal it would enshrine within the Ohio Constitution a legal cartel. The editorial argues why issue 3 should not pass this November. It states that if the issue passes there will be 10 businesses in which marijuana will be grown commercially and that is the wrong thing to do in their eyes. They believe the people in support of issue 3 are only in it to make money. The article states that ResponsibleOhio is not campaigning to make Ohio a better place, they have an agenda. ResponsibleOhio supports issue 3 with many arguments including the medicinal value of marijuana and the positive effect it would have on the black market. If passed anyone over 21 can smoke in their homes, with no more than nine ounces at a time. It also states individuals can grow their own weed for personal use but they have to register with the state as growers andShow MoreRelatedAmerican Civil Rights Movement Essay15820 Words   |  64 Pagesmost famous example is John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company of Ohio. Rockefeller initially created a trade association of refiners, and became its first president. Ultimately, this association became a massive, vertically integrated, centralized corporation. By 1880, the Standard Oil group or alliance numbered 40 separate companies. 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Bowlbys Attachment Theory Free Essays

Introduction For the purpose of this assignment I will begin with a discussion of John Bowl by’s theory of attachment, this is one of the most used theories in children’s social work today. I will then discuss the origins of attachment theory, with giving an overview of what attachment theory consists of. In addition I will critically analyse this theory by incorporating other theorist’s views. We will write a custom essay sample on Bowlbys Attachment Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Further I will give a brief account of how Mary Ainsworth researched attachment and her outcomes and classifications, which strengthened and widened the theory. Finally I will discuss how this theory is used within social work settings, together with influencing policy initiatives . A brief overview is given regarding the ethical approach used together with its relevance to anti discriminatory practise. Bowlby initially began his career as a child psychiatrist, which later led him to undertake training at the British Psychoanalytic Institute. These early experiences contributed positively in Bowlby’s research, which then led to the origins of attachment theory. This was his first empirical study to be undertaken. He examined cases of maladjusted children in a school. Bowlby then linked the children who were committing petty crime, also suffered with affectionless emotions. He then noted that all of these children had a history of separation and maternal deprivation Bowlby then proceeded to expand his research, influenced by Konrad Lorenz’s (1935) paper on imprinting. In which Lorenz researched behaviour of baby geese, where he stated is a phrase sensitive learning which is implied within a â€Å"_critical period† (Lorenz 1935). _Bowlby’s research was then one compromising concepts from ethologic, cybernetics and psychoanalysis methods. Thus making him believe that, humans are also born with tendencies to naturally promote attachment. The main concepts which Bowlby mainly focused on was; monotropy a tendency to attach to one particular care giver usually the mother. In addition he stated â€Å"_the propensity to make strong emotional bonds to one particular individual is a basic component of human nature† (Bowlby 1988). _He also goes on to state attachment â€Å"aids in survival†. Bowlby had distinguished four categories that consisted in attachment. The proximity Maintenance: Desire to be near the people we are attached to. Safe Haven: Returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of fear or threat Secure Base: The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment. Separation Distress: Anxiety that occurs in the absence of the attachment figure. Ambivalent Attachment: _Where the child usually become very distressed when parents leave. This type is un common, normally a result of poor maternal availability. _ After Ainsworth’s research, (Main, Solomon 1986) added a fourth attachment style from their own research Conclusion How to cite Bowlbys Attachment Theory, Papers

Sociology of Education free essay sample

This essay will discuss sociology within the confines of education and examine the role educational institutions play in the development of a society. The above illustration will act as a visual stimulus for this purpose, setting a sociological context through which this assignment will be conducted. Theories of habitus, social capital and social reproduction with regard to education will be examined. Central to the theory of social reproduction are a number of key characteristics. This essay will apply the following: First, current educational systems reinforce inequality; second, schools are built upon models of class values; and finally, the educational system is modelled on the concerns of the dominant ruling classes. The first section of this assignment will establish a theoretical basis for the essay. It will introduce the work of Pierre Bourdieu, identifying him as a key theorist in the field of sociology in education. Relevant areas of Bourdieus research will be examined, most notably his theories of capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Drawing from ranging academic sources this section will expand upon the topic with a view to apply the theory in the following section. In line with theory outlined in section one, the second section will analyse the formerly introduced visual stimulus. In doing so, the following questions will be answered: Does the image reinforce the theories of Bourdieu? If so, what elements of the image suggest that social inequality is in fact reproduced in educational institutions? Based on this analysis, general conclusions will be drawn leading to the subsequent section; personal reflections of the author. Section three will incorporate personal reflections. A number of aspects of the earlier outlined theories will be highlighted and compared to the personal experiences of the author. In addition, this section will conclude the assignment with the identification of a number of key ways its completion has informed my understanding of sociology within teaching and learning. Section One Theory Explicated The first section of this paper is concerned with one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century, Pierre Bourdieu. His observations of how the upper classes retain a dominant roll in society and the link between educational institutions and the reproduction of social classes are significant. These perspectives play an important role in his studies and will be discussed here. A focus will be placed on his theories of habitus, social capital and social reproduction. The views of various academic writers will be employed to support or challenge his theories. Bourdieus theory of habitus refers to the formation of an individuals ideology or disposition as a result of social environment. Billig states that, ideology comprises the habits of behaviour and belief which combine to make any social world appear to those who inhabit it, as the natural world (Billig 1995, p. 37–38). Therefore, subconscious behaviour, values and attitudes will pre-exist, independent of the socialisation of the individual taking place in fields such as institutions of education. Moreover, habitus refers to the instinctive actions or predisposed thought processes of an individual in relation to their social class. Webb (et al. confirm this theory in Understanding Bourdieu: Habitus is the set of durable dispositions that people carry within them that shapes their attitudes, behaviours and responses to given situations. (2002, p. 114) Further support of this theory is provided by Perez-Felkner in her studies on socialisation of children and adolescents. She states that individuals develop through the process of accommodation to their environmental contexts, specifically concentric rings of influence, from family to neighbourhoods and schools to cultural forces in society. 1977, cited Perez-Felkner, 2013, p. 3) Habitus can relate to the amount and type of capital an individual may yield. Bourdieu recognised that the concept of capital is not solely linked to the world of economics. He theorised that in sociological terms, capital can take a number of further forms such as symbolic capital, cultural capital and social capital (Webb, 2002). He hypothesised that the form and amount of capital an individual is subject to can directly influence social position or opportunities for social mobility. For the purpose of this assignment, a focus will be placed on social capital. Bourdieu states that: social capital is the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition (Bourdieu et. al. , 1992, p. 119). In accordance with Bourdieu, it can be derived that social capital is the accumulation of benefits and opportunities obtained through association with a particular social group or class. For example, a principle of a grammar school giving preferential treatment to a candidate for a teaching position because they have studied at the same redbrick university. Thurpp lends support to this theory in highlighting the perceived benefits of attending a middle class school: These include the social capital of peers, extra material resources, contextual or school mix effects on student achievement, better pathways to elite tertiary institutions, the effects of the `old school tie’ in the labour market and so on. (Thrupp 2010, p. 303) Attending school or university, by its very nature, is conducive to the formation of a social network. Attending an institution that fosters middle class values will increase exposure to other middle class members of society, therefore the formation of a network of privileged individuals. This process increases social capital and consequently opportunities of success for the dominant members of society. The social structure is perpetuated. Bourdieu identified this process as social reproduction. Social reproduction is the idea that inequality is continually reproduced as a result of education systems. It identifies how social and cultural values are transmitted from one generation to the next within the schooling process. Webb et al. support this notion in Understanding Bourdieu stating: Education acts to promote social distinction and, as such, operate as an agent of reproduction of the cultural arbitrary. (2002, p. 114) In democratic countries, schooling is considered to be a meritocratic system, providing equal opportunities to all. Nonetheless, Bourdieus theory of social reproduction asserts that public education systems work to reinforce class systems already in place. Consequently, the powerful, dominant class retain their position over the subordinate lower classes. Section 2 Theory Applied These boys are students of Eton College, an elite British boarding school located at Windsor, in the United Kingdom. Founded more than 600 years ago by King Henry VI, an education at this school is far out of reach for the vast majority of British students due to high fees. Past pupils have enjoyed much influence and control over British society. Sometimes referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen, it has educated countless British political leaders and generations of aristocracy, and is therefore synonymous with the British ruling classes (BBC News, 1998). As earlier outlined, Bourdieus states that habitus is a set of durable dispositions that people carry within them that shapes their attitudes, behaviours and responses to given situations (Webb et al. 2002, p. 114). In order to apply this theory to the image, it is first necessary to make educated assumptions about the background of its subjects. On the basis of the photograph, the evidence suggests that the students pictured are from high income families where much value is placed on education. Logically, it can be assumed that they are of upper-middle class origin. In considering what a socially just education system might look like, Reay identifies the perceived intellectual superiority and elitism, of the upper and middle classes in Britain. She states that the British class system seeps into the soul creating divisions between people (Reay, 2012. p596). With this in mind, it can be suggested that the relaxed students pictured above are quipped with a deeply ingrained habitus conducive to the ideologies of the school. They are relaxed because they were born and bread for a privileged Etonian world. According to Bourdieu, a working class tudent placed into this environment would be disadvantaged; socially ill-equipped to engage with the values of the institution. Looking at the displayed image, it is not difficult to determine that the subjects are members of a group. This can be ascertained from their attire; a school uniform that appears to be worn with pride. There are notable differences between uniforms worn by the majority of contemporary school students and those that attend Eton College: a top hat and tails. This uniform denotes affluence and privilege. It confirms class difference. Wearing this uniform along with other customs and practices work together to produce and sustain an intangible asset that Bourdieu terms social capital. Social capital, as earlier outlined is conceived as that which binds groups of people together, providing a sense of belonging. Siisiainen identifies that this form of capital can be utilized in efforts to improve the social position of the actors in a variety of different fields (2000, p. 12). The influence social capital can have on an individuals journey through the social hierarchy is considerable. In order to more fully understand the social capital Etonion students harbour, it is necessary to briefly analyse the social context within which the school is found. England is a nation with extreme social inequalities. There are obvious benefits of attending a school like Eton; The best teachers access premium resources to ensure first class provision of education. However, according to Bourdieus theory of social capital, there are further reaching benefits. In attending Eton College, a frame of reference is formed that connects with that of the ruling class. Having educated nineteen British prime-ministers (BBC News, 1998), it is not difficult to hypothesis that there is a link between the value system of the school and those who rule. These boys are bread for power. They are part of a system that is sustained by the reproduction of society. Beordieu theorised that educational institutions act as instruments in the social reproduction of inequality. It is continuously reproduced on the grounds that education systems are saturated with the ideology of the middle class, primarily serving their interests. For this reason, lower class groups are at a further disadvantage within the education system. Reay lends support to this concept stating private schools have been one of the principal means by which elitism and social divisions are produced and perpetuated in England (2012, p591). This is certainly true in relation to the illustration accompanying this assignment. A group of privileged students wear the uniform of an elite educational establishment. High attendance fees ensure its inaccessibility to the lower class in British society. These boys attend an exclusive school that perpetuate advantage for the dominant group in society. They receive a superior education, are likely to attend elite universities and as a result, most likely to secure high income employment. For these students, maintaining their superior position requires little effort. They have the benefit of learning middle class values at home. They have access to higher quality instruction. Privilege and wealth for the elite is continued. (Witty, 2001 p. 290) In concluding the analysis of the illustration, this photograph can be said to very much reinforce the sociological theories of Bourdieu. Visually, judgements of habitus can be drawn form the attire and apparent disposition of the boys. They are at ease in their environment. Contextually, researching past graduates of the school has revealed high levels of social capital; some of the most powerful men in Britain have been educated here. Finally, the reproduction of a social group cannot be denied; this is a facility utilised in the educated of the affluent and elite of British society. The following section of this assignment will draw on these conclusions in an effort to draw on the personal experience of the author as a teaching professional. Section 3 Personal Reflection Primarily this assignment has been concerned with concepts of sociology within the English education system. Having a number of years experience teaching in British schools, I have observed some of the theories discussed in this assignment. The following paragraphs will briefly delineate some personal observations of the author within the context of habitus. The first year of teaching in the U. K. was spent at a mixed sex, catholic, compressive, secondary school. Here, a high portion of the pupils came from disadvantaged backgrounds. It was common for pupils to speak of a parent in prison, violence in the home or a disdain for schooling. With high levels of truancy and children in receipt of free school meals (Government policy for disadvantage families),producing classwork was not a priority for many students. The working-class habitus of the cohort was not conducive to the middle-class value system of the school. Here, pupils were expected to perform academically in a way that was not expected or valued in the home. Only a small portion of students had faith in the school system or a desire to attend third level institutions. The schooling system was failing them. Conversely, the following years employment was passed at a selective grammar school. To attend this institute, students needed to rank highly in an exam. Pupils were often the second or third generation of their family to be grammar school educated. Standards of academic excellence were expected of all pupils from family, staff and the students themselves. At this school, attitudes of the students contrasted strongly with those of the students at the previous school. Here, at age 11, students would discuss what universities they planned to attend upon graduating from school. Perhaps due to the perceived high standard of educational provision, house prices around the grammar school were far higher than around the comprehensive school. Consequently, living in area was out of reach of working-class families. The cohort of the school was almost exclusively middle class, with few students in receipt of free school meals. The habitus of the pupils attending the institution and the ethos of the school were aligned. Therefore, according to league tables, the school was one of the most successful schools in the North West of England year on year. A portion of its graduates attending redbrick universities annually; habitus and social reproduction in action. Conclusion The aim of this essay has been to discuss sociology within the confines of education. It has examining the role educational institutions play in the development of society. It has introduced the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and focusing on his theories of habitus, social capital and social reproduction. A visual stimulus has been analysed, setting a sociological context through which the theories of Bourdieu were be examined. Based on this analysis, general conclusions were drawn leading to a the personal reflections of the author. Having studied the work of Bourdieu, and the analysing the earlier mentioned picture, the following can be stated: Firstly, students entering a field of education do so equipped with a predefined disposition as a result of the varied influences of their home environment. This may yield advantaged or disadvantaged position depending on the social background of the individual. Secondly, social capital can be obtained in attending institutions considered to be upper-class or exclusive. This can be advantageous in securing social mobility for lower classes or the sustaining of social privilege for the upper-classes. Finally, according to Bourdieu, institutes of education are primarily concerned with the advancement of the dominant class. Consequently, the reproduction of privilege for the advantaged middle class is effortless, while far greater obstacles lie in the path of the working-class. This paper has concluded with brief documentation of some personal experiences of the author. Reflecting upon the social aspects of teaching and the inequalities that exist within the educational system, it has been determined that the theories discussed are highly influential and therefore relevant for further examination. Sociology of Education free essay sample Essay will discuss sociology within the confines of education and examine the role educational institutions play in the development of a society. The above illustration will act as a visual stimulus for this purpose, setting a sociological context through which this assignment will be conducted. Theories of habitus, social capital and social reproduction with regard to education will be examined. Central to the theory of social reproduction are a number of key characteristics. This essay will apply the following: First, current educational systems reinforce inequality; second, schools are built upon models of class values; and finally, the educational system is modelled on the concerns of the dominant ruling classes. The first section of this assignment will establish a theoretical basis for the essay. It will introduce the work of Pierre Bourdieu, identifying him as a key theorist in the field of sociology in education. Relevant areas of Bourdieus research will be examined, most notably his theories of capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology of Education or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Drawing from ranging academic sources this section will expand upon the topic with a view to apply the theory in the following section. In line with theory outlined in section one, the second section will analyse the formerly introduced visual stimulus. In doing so, the following questions will be answered: Does the image reinforce the theories of Bourdieu? If so, what elements of the image suggest that social inequality is in fact reproduced in educational institutions? Based on this analysis, general conclusions will be drawn leading to the subsequent section; personal reflections of the author. Section three will incorporate personal reflections. A number of aspects of the earlier outlined theories will be highlighted and compared to the personal experiences of the author. In addition, this section will conclude the assignment with the identification of a number of key ways its completion has informed my understanding of sociology within teaching and learning. Section One Theory Explicated The first section of this paper is concerned with one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century, Pierre Bourdieu. His observations of how the upper classes retain a dominant roll in society and the link between educational institutions and the reproduction of social classes are significant. These perspectives play an important role in his studies and will be discussed here. A focus will be placed on his theories of habitus, social capital and social reproduction. The views of various academic writers will be employed to support or challenge his theories. Bourdieus theory of habitus refers to the formation of an individuals ideology or disposition as a result of social environment. Billig states that, ideology comprises the habits of behaviour and belief which combine to make any social world appear to those who inhabit it, as the natural world (Billig 1995, p. 37–38). Therefore, subconscious behaviour, values and attitudes will pre-exist, independent of the socialisation of the individual taking place in fields such as institutions of education. Moreover, habitus refers to the instinctive actions or predisposed thought processes of an individual in relation to their social class. Webb (et al.) confirm this theory in Understanding Bourdieu: Habitus is the set of durable dispositions that people carry within them that shapes their attitudes, behaviours and responses to given situations. (2002, p. 114) Further support of this theory is provided by Perez-Felkner in her studies on socialisation of children and adolescents. She states that individuals develop through the process of accommodation to their environmental contexts, specifically concentric rings of influence, from family to neighbourhoods and schools to cultural forces in society. Habitus can relate to the amount and type of capital an individual may yield. Bourdieu recognised that the concept of capital is not solely linked to the world of economics. He theorised that in sociological terms, capital can take a number of further forms such as symbolic capital, cultural capital and social capital (Webb, 2002). He hypothesised that the form and amount of capital an individual is subject to can directly influence social position or opportunities for social mobility. For the purpose of this assignment, a focus will be placed on social capital. Bourdieu states that: social capital is the sum of the resources, actual or virtual, that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition (Bourdieu et. al. , 1992, p. 119). In accordance with Bourdieu, it can be derived that social capital is the accumulation of benefits and opportunities obtained through association with a particular social group or class. For example, a principle of a grammar school giving preferential treatment to a candidate for a teaching position because they have studied at the same redbrick university. Thurpp lends support to this theory in highlighting the perceived benefits of attending a middle class school: These include the social capital of peers, extra material resources, contextual or school mix effects on student achievement, better pathways to elite tertiary institutions, the effects of the `old school tie’ in the labour market and so on. (Thrupp 2010, p. 303) Attending school or university, by its very nature, is conducive to the formation of a social network. Attending an institution that fosters middle class values will increase exposure to other middle class members of society, therefore the formation of a network of privileged individuals. This process increases social capital and consequently opportunities of success for the dominant members of society. The social structure is perpetuated. Bourdieu identified this process as social reproduction. Social reproduction is the idea that inequality is continually reproduced as a result of education systems. It identifies how social and cultural values are transmitted from one generation to the next within the schooling process. Webb et al. support this notion in Understanding Bourdieu stating: Education acts to promote social distinction and, as such, operate as an agent of reproduction of the cultural arbitrary. (2002, p. 114) In democratic countries, schooling is considered to be a meritocratic system, providing equal opportunities to all. Nonetheless, Bourdieus theory of social reproduction asserts that public education systems work to reinforce class systems already in place. Consequently, the powerful, dominant class retain their position over the subordinate lower classes. Section 2 Theory Applied These boys are students of Eton College, an elite British boarding school located at Windsor, in the United Kingdom. Founded more than 600 years ago by King Henry VI, an education at this school is far out of reach for the vast majority of British students due to high fees. Past pupils have enjoyed much influence and control over British society. Sometimes referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen, it has educated countless British political leaders and generations of aristocracy, and is therefore synonymous with the British ruling classes (BBC News, 1998). As earlier outlined, Bourdieus states that habitus is a set of durable dispositions that people carry within them that shapes their attitudes, behaviours and responses to given situations (Webb et al. 2002, p. 114). In order to apply this theory to the image, it is first necessary to make educated assumptions about the background of its subjects. On the basis of the photograph, the evidence suggests that the students pictured are from high income families where much value is placed on education. Logically, it can be assumed that they are of upper-middle class origin. In considering what a socially just education system might look like, Reay identifies the perceived intellectual superiority and elitism, of the upper and middle classes in Britain. She states that the British class system seeps into the soul creating divisions between people (Reay, 2012. p596). With this in mind, it can be suggested that the relaxed students pictured above are quipped with a deeply ingrained habitus conducive to the ideologies of the school. They are relaxed because they were born and bread for a privileged Etonian world. According to Bourdieu, a working class  student placed into this environment would be disadvantaged; socially ill-equipped to engage with the values of the institution. Looking at the displayed image, it is not difficult to determine that the subjects are members of a group. This can be ascertained from their attire; a school uniform that appears to be worn with pride. There are notable differences between uniforms worn by the majority of contemporary school students and those that attend Eton College: a top hat and tails. This uniform denotes affluence and privilege. It confirms class difference. Wearing this uniform along with other customs and practices work together to produce and sustain an intangible asset that Bourdieu terms social capital. Social capital, as earlier outlined is conceived as that which binds groups of people together, providing a sense of belonging. Siisiainen identifies that this form of capital can be utilized in efforts to improve the social position of the actors in a variety of different fields (2000, p. 12). The influence social capital can have on an individuals journey through the social hierarchy is considerable. In order to more fully understand the social capital Etonion students harbour, it is necessary to briefly analyse the social context within which the school is found. England is a nation with extreme social inequalities. There are obvious benefits of attending a school like Eton; The best teachers access premium resources to ensure first class provision of education. However, according to Bourdieus theory of social capital, there are further reaching benefits. In attending Eton College, a frame of reference is formed that connects with that of the ruling class. Having educated nineteen British prime-ministers (BBC News, 1998), it is not difficult to hypothesis that there is a link between the value system of the school and those who rule. These boys are bread for power. They are part of a system that is sustained by the reproduction of society. Beordieu theorised that educational institutions act as instruments in the social reproduction of inequality. It is continuously reproduced on the grounds that education systems are saturated with the ideology of the middle class, primarily serving their interests. For this reason, lower class groups are at a further disadvantage within the education system. Reay lends support to this concept stating private schools have been one of the principal means by which elitism and social divisions are produced and perpetuated in England (2012, p591). This is certainly true in relation to the illustration accompanying this assignment. A group of privileged students wear the uniform of an elite educational establishment. High attendance fees ensure its inaccessibility to the lower class in British society. These boys attend an exclusive school that perpetuate advantage for the dominant group in society. They receive a superior education, are likely to attend elite universities and as a result, most likely to secure high income employment. For these students, maintaining their superior position requires little effort. They have the benefit of learning middle class values at home. They have access to higher quality instruction. Privilege and wealth for the elite is continued. (Witty, 2001 p. 290) In concluding the analysis of the illustration, this photograph can be said to very much reinforce the sociological theories of Bourdieu. Visually, judgements of habitus can be drawn form the attire and apparent disposition of the boys. They are at ease in their environment. Contextually, researching past graduates of the school has revealed high levels of social capital; some of the most powerful men in Britain have been educated here. Finally, the reproduction of a social group cannot be denied; this is a facility utilised in the educated of the affluent and elite of British society. The following section of this assignment will draw on these conclusions in an effort to draw on the personal experience of the author as a teaching professional. Personal Reflection Primarily this assignment has been concerned with concepts of sociology within the English education system. Having a number of years experience teaching in British schools, I have observed some of the theories discussed in this assignment. The following paragraphs will briefly delineate some personal observations of the author within the context of habitus. The first year of teaching in the U. K. was spent at a mixed sex, catholic, compressive, secondary school. Here, a high portion of the pupils came from disadvantaged backgrounds. It was common for pupils to speak of a parent in prison, violence in the home or a disdain for schooling. With high levels of truancy and children in receipt of free school meals (Government policy for disadvantage families),producing classwork was not a priority for many students. The working-class habitus of the cohort was not conducive to the middle-class value system of the school. Here, pupils were expected to perform academically in a way that was not expected or valued in the home. Only a small portion of students had faith in the school system or a desire to attend third level institutions. The schooling system was failing them. Conversely, the following years employment was passed at a selective grammar school. To attend this institute, students needed to rank highly in an exam. Pupils were often the second or third generation of their family to be grammar school educated. Standards of academic excellence were expected of all pupils from family, staff and the students themselves. At this school, attitudes of the students contrasted strongly with those of the students at the previous school. Here, at age 11, students would discuss what universities they planned to attend upon graduating from school. Perhaps due to the perceived high standard of educational provision, house prices around the grammar school were far higher than around the comprehensive school. Consequently, living in area was out of reach of working-class families. The cohort of the school was almost exclusively middle class, with few students in receipt of free school meals. The habitus of the pupils attending the institution and the ethos of the school were aligned. Therefore, according to league tables, the school was one of the most successful schools in the North West of England year on year. A portion of its graduates attending redbrick universities annually; habitus and social reproduction in action. Conclusion The aim of this essay has been to discuss sociology within the confines of education. It has examining the role educational institutions play in the development of society. It has introduced the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and focusing on his theories of habitus, social capital and social reproduction. A visual stimulus has been analysed, setting a sociological context through which the theories of Bourdieu were be examined. Based on this analysis, general conclusions were drawn leading to a the personal reflections of the author. Having studied the work of Bourdieu, and the analysing the earlier mentioned picture, the following can be stated: Firstly, students entering a field of education do so equipped with a predefined disposition as a result of the varied influences of their home environment. This may yield advantaged or disadvantaged position depending on the social background of the individual. Secondly, social capital can be obtained in attending institutions considered to be upper-class or exclusive. This can be advantageous in securing social mobility for lower classes or the sustaining of social privilege for the upper-classes. Finally, according to Bourdieu, institutes of education are primarily concerned with the advancement of the dominant class. Consequently, the reproduction of privilege for the advantaged middle class is effortless, while far greater obstacles lie in the path of the working-class. This paper has concluded with brief documentation of some personal experiences of the author. Reflecting upon the social aspects of teaching and the inequalities that exist within the educational system, it has been determined that the theories discussed are highly influential and therefore relevant for further examination.

How Alcohol Affects People essays

How Alcohol Affects People essays According to the survey about 70% of college students consume alcohol every month. How often do you drink? I have some opportunities to drink alcohol, and I have noticed that people react differently to alcohol. The reason is that the rate of alcohol metabolism varies among individuals, and it is largely determined by genetic factor and drinking behavior. Today, I would like to explain how alcohol affects people. First of all, when we take alcohol, about 20% is absorbed from stomach into the bloodstream. About 75% is absorbed through the upper part of intestine. The rate of absorption is affected by various factors. For example, food in the stomach slows the rate of absorption. On the other hand, carbonated beverage like champagne increases the rate of absorption. Secondly, alcohol is transported through the body by the blood. A large amount of alcohol is metabolized in the liver. The rest is metabolized in the stomach. From 2 to 10 % of ingested alcohol is not metabolized, but is excreted by the lungs, kidneys, and sweat glands. Next, I would like to talk about the effects of alcohol consumption. At low doses, alcohol makes people relaxed and causes a release of inhibition and alertness. Even people become more sociable. However, at higher doses, alcohol has negative effects. People more tend to get angry or cry easily and become emotionally instable. People become sleepy, and most sensory function is reduced. Finally, at very high doses, alcohol causes a dangerous circumstance. Most people are completely unable to function physically and psychologically. Usually, coma can happen. Also, alcohol poisoning occurs when people drink a large amount of alcohol in a short period of time. You should avoid rapid and binge drinking and notice how dangerous alcohol poisoning is because it results in not only unconsciousness but also death. In conclusion, we have the different rate of alcohol metabol ...

English Vocabulary for Clothing

English Vocabulary for Clothing The words below are some of the most important used when talking about clothes and fashion such as when you go shopping. Words that are used only for women are marked with a w, words that are only used for men are marked with an m. General Clothing Terms and Examples anorak - If youre hiking in cold weather, youll need an anorak.belt - Ive lost weight, so I need a new belt to hold up my trousers.blouse w - Thats such a pretty blouse. I love the checked pattern.cardigan - Put on a cardigan and turn down the heat to save money at home.dress w - Anna wore an elegant red dress to the reception.gloves - I prefer to wear gloves to mittens because my fingers need to be free.jacket - Let me put on a jacket and lets go for a walk.jeans - I only wear jeans on the weekend as I have to wear a business suit during the week.jumper - Thats a cute jumper. Where did you buy it?overalls - Overalls have been out of fashion for a very long time.overcoat - When dressing formal, its best to wear an overcoat.pullover - Im cold, so I need to put on a pullover.raincoat - Raincoats wont keep you warm, but they will keep you dry.scarf - A scarf is a beautiful accessory to add a touch of elegance.shirt - You should wear a dress shirt to work today.sweatshirt - I put on a sw eatshirt and went to the gym to work out. T-shirt - He usually wears a t-shirt to work. Hes a slob.tie - On the west coast people dont usually wear ties. However, ties are quite common on the east coast.skirt w - She wore a skirt and blouse to the job interview.mini-skirt w - Mini-skirts were introduced in the 1960s and were considered very provocative.shorts - Its summer. Why arent you wearing shorts?socks - If you dont wear socks, your feet will stink!suit - Some professions require men to wear a suit to work.sweater - I pulled on the warm sweater and drank a cup of cocoa.trousers - Everyone puts on their trousers one leg at a time. Sportswear jogging suit - Alice got into a jogging suit and ran three miles.tracksuit - In some countries, people like to wear tracksuits when lounging around the house.bikini w - Sports Illustrated features a bikini issue every year. Some think beautiful women in tiny bikinis dont have much to do with sports!swimming costume / swimming-suit w - Get your swimming-suit on and lets go to the beach.swimming trunks m - In the USA, most men wear swimming trunks rather than speedos. Footwear boots - If youre going for a hike, youll need to wear boots.sandals - During the summer, I usually wear sandals on the weekends.slippers - I sometimes like to get in my pajamas, put on my slippers and spend a quiet evening at home.shoes - The heels on my shoes have worn out. I need a new pair.sneakers - Were just getting some groceries, put on your sneakers and lets go. Underwear bra w - Victorias Secret has made the bra into a fashion statement.knickers w - Dont get your knickers twisted!panties w - She bought three pairs of panties with her bra.tights/pantyhose w - My sister doesnt like to wear dresses because she hates pantyhose.boxers m - She thinks boxers look better on men than briefs.briefs m - Briefs are also called tightie whities in idiomatic American English. Hats and Caps beret - Men in France seem to love wearing berets.cap - Americans wear a lot of baseball caps.hat - Men used to wear hats in the 1950s. Everything has changed since then!helmet - Soldiers could be recognized during the war by the type of helmet they wore. Natural Materials cotton - Cotton breathes and is an excellent all-around fabric.denim - Denim is the cloth used to make jeans.leather - Leather jackets are considered quite stylish by some.linen - Linen sheets are very comfortable during hot summer nights.rubber - The souls of boots are often made out of rubber, or rubber-like materials.silk - Silk sheets are considered a luxury in most parts of the world.suede - Dont you step on my blue suede shoes is a line from a famous Elvis Presley song.wool - I prefer to wear a traditional wool coat to keep warm in winter. Artificial Materials plastic - There are many plastic components in todaysporting shoes.nylon - Nylon is used to make rain jackets.polyester - Polyester is often mixed with cotton to make a shirt iron-free. Fashion designer - Designers are often outlandish people.fashion - The latest fashions come from Paris and London.fashion-conscious - Fashion-conscious people spend thousands on clothes every year.trend - I cant keep up with the latest trends.unfashionable - That jacket is quite unfashionable. Patterns checked - The checked shirt is quite popular in Portland.flowered - She likes to wear flowered dresses.patterned - I generally stay away from patterned shirts.plain - I prefer a plain blue shirt.polka-dots or spots - Spotted blouses are fashionable this season.pinstriped - A dark blue pinstriped suit can be very elegant.tartan - The Scottish are known for their tartan clothes.

Depend on the choosen activity and the topic Essay

Depend on the choosen activity and the topic - Essay Example The word ‘learning’ has been defined as â€Å"relatively permanent change in behavior resulting form experience† (Dworetzky, 1994). This essay, therefore, has the purpose of exploring the cognitivist approach of learning by examining its application to a particular learning task. The task chosen is the process of typing the keyboard of a computer. Firstly, an analysis of the types of knowledge required to undertake the chosen activity will be considered and the cognitive theory will be introduced with its main features followed by a discussion of the application of the theory in the process of typing the keyboard of the computer. The strength and weaknesses of the theory will be analyzed after that and the essay will be concluded. There are different steps or processes involved in the act of typing the keyboard of a computer. The person needs to have a plan of what he is going to type; he needs to have appropriate knowledge and skills such as placing the fingers at the right position, the aptitude of typing the material with appropriate speed and accuracy, being seated in a comfortable position in the chair so that he doesn’t strain his back, etc. Declarative knowledge is often described as the content of learning. In other words it caters to the what of the activity being learnt. Knowing a piece of information, that is, a concept, fact, idea or label would be considered to be in this category (Ehren & Gildroy). Knowing the history, characteristics or physical appearance, for example would be included here. Procedural knowledge explains the How of information that tells us rules to follow to accomplish a task (Ehren & Gildroy). In other words, knowing how to perform an action or sequence of actions is procedural knowledge. Conditional knowledge is knowledge about when to use a procedure, skill, or strategy and when not to use it; why a procedure works and under what

Lipstick product ethical analysis Research Paper

Lipstick product ethical analysis - Research Paper Example Since the primary objective of a business is seen as profit-making, these issues are hardly considered despite their harmfulness to either health of environment. For that reason, this paper intends to investigate one of the lipstick products, Maybelline to be precise, and offer recommendations on ways to change the process if need be. Maybelline, like any other product, undergoes a series of stages before it has been disposed including extraction, production, distribution, consumption and eventually disposal. First, the extraction process of Maybelline, just like other lipsticks, starts with the gathering of the necessary materials before the mixing process is initiated. Some of the materials used in the extraction process include the oils, emollients, pigments and waxes. Emollients are responsible for the texture and color that Maybelline comes with. Once the gathering of these materials has taken place, the next stage entails the production of the complete product. Here, all the ingredients are ground before undergoing a heating process after which the already-heated waxes are usually added to the mix. Then, lanolin and other oils are added as per the specifications to the mix. Once this is done, different metal molds are used where this liquid is poured. The last two steps see the chilling and cooling of the l ipsticks in a bid to harden them, and a second heating occurs with an aim to create a shiny appearance whilst removing any imperfections (Monnot et al. p.253). While there are claims that Maybelline is lead-free, there has been no concrete evidence to prove this claim. In fact, it had been noted that many of the red lipsticks contain a significant amount of lead with a US consumer group reporting that 60% of the lipsticks that were tested in 2007 had higher levels of lead than the ones allowed (Lemaire p.2265). Also, Maybelline lipstick was among the top ten lipsticks containing a